As solidarity has died.
As solidarity has died.
France: eight kinds of the social help.
Living wage for the aged. It is founded in 1956. Receive
860 000 persons are more senior 65 years. The maximum size 3433 francs a month.
The disability pension. It is founded in 1975. 609 000 persons.
3433 fr./months
Living wage on invalidity. It is founded in 1930.
85 000 persons. 3433 fr./months
The grant to lonely parents. It is founded in 1976. 149 000 persons,
Basically women. 3163 fr./months in pregnancy plus 1054
Fr./month on each child-dependent. The maximum term of the grant - 18
Months.
The widow grant. It is founded in 1980. 15 600 persons (till 55 years).
The first year - 3075. The second year - 2019. The third year - 1537 fr./months
The grant to adaptation. It is founded in 1984. 16 500 persons. For
The persons searching for job. 1311 fr./months within no more than 12 months.
The solidarity grant. It is founded in 1984. 516 000 persons.
For the unemployed till 55 years - 2260 fr./months, after 55 years - 3250 fr./months
Minimum on familiarising with a society life. It is founded in 1988.
903 000 persons. It is paid to the most requiring persons is more senior 25 years
Within 3-12 months, and also upon termination of the right to the grant on
To unemployment at a rate of 2403 fr./months on one person, 3604 fr./months on a family
From two persons, 4325 fr./months on a family from three persons plus 961 fr. On
Each additional dependent.
To all unemployed - on a tennis ball.
Once the painful social phenomena explained to us "vestiges
Capitalism "- paternal now not to arrive by analogy? The vagabond - than not
"A socialism vestige", unless its ancestor not therefrom? Remains only
To understand, why people "without a certain residence" there is all
It is more and even "homeless children" - whether children of the military man began to come back
Communism, whether children of vagabonds.
Let's look at the western society: there too in all languages exist
"Vagabonds", but concept this general. We will begin from below, with the bottom. ZHil Fabris,
44 years, Parisian kloshar, in the street has spent 18 years. Here its typical day.
Late at night has a seat in an electric train, at daybreak changes in return.
Having descended from a train, gropes in a pocket 3-4 francs and lowers them in the automatic machine
With hot coffee. Now it is necessary to reach on foot on suburb, there the social
The breakfast sytnej, but also, on road there-back will leave hour three.
Therefrom - in a bureau of the social help: suddenly any important news? Time
In a month, however, it is a campaign behind "the solidarity grant", which in ours
To the table penultimate from below. It is time for a dinner: it even an hour ones and a half-two. That
Further? If it is very cold, it is possible to be driven again somewhere, but,
First, it is unprofitable, secondly, ZHil prefers library. Here
Why so it is important to watch the appearance, differently in public places
Can and not start up. Once a month necessarily - a shower at station, is 60
Francs, but it is possible and to wash. It is more difficult to dry linen, especially in the winter.
About itself(himself) he has already solved, to what "the heart restaurant" will go today. It
Is there in kind hour, the restaurant is still closed or even has not arrived yet,
For this time it is possible to pass a wine glass-other with friends. Bolshego
He does not allow itself(himself): friends not friends, and can plunder. Last cares
Day: it is necessary to buy a medicine for cold (for preventive maintenance: 6 tablets in
Day) and to steam of apples for the night, for vitamins. Well everything, now on station, yes
Fast step to be warmed up. Tickets, that is a lodging for the night, is
The greatest expenditure of month. But the train, than a shelter where it is eternal not is better
Places suffice and whence in the morning all the same to leave. That is why, having caught sight of the blue
The bus, ZHil there and then dives into a gate: he prefers not to come across
Polices on catching klosharov. Though many friends find, what is it even
Conveniently - the blue bus carries directly in a shelter. But in the morning therefrom all the same
To leave - so what for?
Last four years ZHil it is extraordinary occupied: the Parisian vagabonds have formed
Association also have begun magazine "Street" release, and ZHil became its public
The distributor. Some days and with it are persistent nights have spent
Artist Elsi de Sen-Shama. It was the edition task: to represent
klosharskuju a life. Here it, ZHil Fabris, in a night electric train - a picture
"A lodging for the night in a way".
Though ZHil and at the bottom it has absolutely not bad adapted to a life, still
Not the most lucky. In Paris legends about one kloshara, which go
"Was pulled out" - now it the porter in the big hotel. But the present celebrity -
It, of course, "small Lui" from 6th area which has noticed
American firm "п п п п п я п п п?". In magnificent shoes "Timberlan", having thrown
Foot on a foot, in the well-known cafe "Two mago" sits "small Lui",
Advertising star: here it is footwear, last kloshar cannot give up to itself(himself)!
Other type of the vagabond: the person the homeless, but yet not become klosharom.
Public committee "Right to housing" totals in France 200 000
Such candidates, thus only in the Parisian area Ile-de-France are empty
300 000 apartments. 20 more percent of Frenchmen are afraid to lose habitation, that
More that give to it an occasion. Annually a half-million of bills
"Elektrisite-gas de France" remain not paid, everyone can
To turn to the judicial summons. But from time to time a shortage repays
The government and then the simplification sigh is carried by over the country.
Old men. The post-war population explosion nicknamed in the West
"Bebi-boom", in the late sixties auknulsja the powerful protest of youth,
povzroslenie which it was necessary on the end of an era of prosperity. That was the first
The generation which has faced with nevostrebovannostju of the diplomas and hands. And here
Already it on a pension age threshold. Sociologists prophesy: with 2005
Year "pepi-boom" will begin. Many countries in the world could learn at
The French social system to attention to old men, but after all a stick about
Two ends - the new youth is touched by unemployment where more strongly, than in the
Time parents.
Unlike the Anglo-Saxon countries romano-Latin Europe is created
Not liberals, and Christian democrats and social democrats. Tradition
Than the state care here is much deeper, more public. Besides,
It is propped up powerfully by welfare funds and movements. "Salvation army"
(It operates in 86 countries of the world) with the slogan "soup, soap and
Rescue "." Communities Emmausa ", created by" the apostle of the homeless "the abbey
Pierre. "Restaurants erdtsa" which fourteen years for the first time have opened
Back thanks to the humorist, national favourite Michel Koljushu. Winter in
France comes together with a white beard of abbey Pierre, which again
Reminds from the screen of a Christian debt before poor, and "restaurants
Hearts "which for three months open it the doors. This year 1860
Such stolovok, it is direct on wheels more often, will prepare 60 million
Dinners from which 90 will get ZHilju Fabrisu. Actor Koljush has died, but
Its undertaking is immortal: "heart restaurants" have appeared in Spain, Italy.
As well as poverty, solidarity does not know borders.
But it besides solidarity not so much civil, how much
The interstate. France this year only for "heart restaurants"
It is listed 8,7 million dollars from EU budget. And it only third of the help,
Which it will receive from Bruxelles for maintenance of trousers of the new
sankjulotov (besshtannikov). Naturally, the help appears to all countries -
To members of EU, but one of them absolutely special. "In the European union is
The sixteenth country - Unemployment - with the population of 18 million "- such
Gloomy joke has opened the first summit of EU on employment problems in the end
Last year the chairman of the European commission Jacque Santer. And
Parisian kloshar does not enter at all into this number! He does not search for a long time already for job,
As well as she does not search for it. Though it it is obvious from those who would like to "get out". But
Any summit it is not planned on a subject how to help to get out all
"Excluded" - here it, a word which has got value of the term,
Having united both "old", and "new" poor, both the homeless, and the unemployed, and
"Fragile", and vagabonds...
In America to Reagan of 24 million persons officially lived below a threshold
Poverty (from 1984 10 610 dollars of the net profit a year on a family from
Four persons), but also by this lowered criterion poor it has appeared 35
Million, and with all "fragile" - 47 million Anglican church has begun criticism
Social programs of lady Thatcher at it also does not stop hitherto. And
In France sum up fourteen years of presidency of Mitterand:
One deep social reform! All was reduced to lataniju "the states
General prosperity ", from which in concept" the French living
The basket "enters even a tennis ball. Here its neoliberals would throw out
Precisely, as well as at home!
Whether but it is strange: what with a ball, what without, both here and there a result identical?
To honour of France, from seven most developed countries of the world it is more than others
Remembers solidarity with developing countries, allocating for this purpose 0,48
Percent of the total national product (38 billion francs). For
To her follows Germany - 0,32, and conclude the magnificent seven of the USA - 0,12
Percent. The solidary help of the developed countries to "the third world" for half a century
Has fallen to rather low level: on the average it makes now 0,27
Percent their GNP while the United Nations consider fair at least
To treble it. But what solidarity with poor in "the third world", when it
Does not suffice even for the?
The economic constitution for the world.
Characteristic line of the established world order: if in the beginning
Centuries solidarity was business of workers, them internatsionala, them
Parties because was a subject of belief and hope of millions people on the earth,
That to the end of the century it business became exclusive bureaucracy, state
And ezhdunarodnoj. Struggle "on places" goes at the best for interests of the
The enterprises, the branch, companions who have fallen under dismissal,
The not received Christmas gifts. Business of Bismarck has won
Definitively. At the developed order of things, appear, already nothing could
To prevent its triumphal procession on a planet.
And suddenly... The French unemployed who have made the Christmas
Revolt because of that have definitively deprived of them already and national
Solidarity, of course, did not represent, that as a matter of fact they have stopped
History wheel. Perhaps for a short while, but it is exact for a year. Their spontaneous action,
Certainly, has annoyed Bruxelles, EU headquarters, because of that that
Has called into question terms of introduction of uniform European currency. Has upset
And the national government, because here already half a year Lionel Jospin,
The socialist, aspires to build social reform, which and not
Has ripened at Mitterand, and suddenly most marginalnaja the society part has mixed
To it all maps. More all this quickly ceased, but the hidden revolt
Has frightened headquarters OESR - the Organizations of economic cooperation and
Developments of 29 most developed countries of the world.
And as it also is in Paris, in the lock de lja Mjuett ashore
Seny as a matter of fact the conflict of two world usages here was played.
The past which is not existing not so, and the future which is not existing still.
On April, 28th of this year in the lock de lja Mjuett signing should take place
The multilateral agreement on investments (MSI) - "Constitutions
Incorporated economic "as has defined sense of this document
The general director of World trading society Renato Rudzhiero.
"Constitution" working out was conducted four years in full secret from the world
The public. However the secret has escaped from the lock de lja Mjuett and has called
The scandal thrown from the USA to Canada, and now to Europe. In same most
Time the unemployed in France have summoned a New Year's gift, let while
Only in the form of the promise: the government was obliged to present the program, and
Legislators should spend the law about wide social reintegratsii
All excluded from solidarity. But such law obviously will not be co-ordinated with
The project of "the world economic constitution", already written to the lock de lja
Mjuett. And the representatives who have going to there of 29 countries from whom it is most less
Time for road the representative of France spends, ascertained, that
"Constitution" is yet ready. In it of 190 pages, but under the influence of the last
Events about the tenth part it is necessary to copy and modify.
The establishment of a new world order is postponed for 1999, and can, and on 2000
Year.
Unlike known international agreements MSI all hitherto
Guarantees the rights only to investors, and duties makes only
To the governments which will sign it. National investors cannot
To have any preferences before the foreign. Since that moment as
The government of any country it will put the signature under the contract,
Strictly should it follow twenty years. The demand about an exit
It is considered only in five years after giving and in any case not
It can be realised next fifteen years, while the foreign investor
Will not receive the full indemnification of the losses and risks. And it is a question not
Simply about compensation of losses, but even about the right ekspropriatsii the earths, natural
Resources, industrial complexes, telecommunication networks, if
The foreign investor will consider, what exactly such form of indemnification enclosed
Means is equitable to its interests. "Constitution" gives it the right
To insist on cancellation of that national legislation - in tax
To sphere, in codes of laws on work, protection of interests of the consumer,
Social or ecological programs etc., - which he will consider
Potential threat to the incomes. Any privatisation in any country
It is possible only on equal terms for national or foreign
The capital. The governments of developing countries nowadays widely encourage the form
Joint ventures, but build it on the formula of interests of the national
Developments. Henceforth under condition "constitution" the foreign investor will dictate only.
Having signed contract NAFTA with the USA and Canada about a freedom of commerce, Mexico
Has eliminated from the constitution article about protection and development of the small
Country economy. Four years after huge territories in the country
skupleny the American and Canadian transnational agroindustrial
Firms at which the yesterday's Mexican peasant becomes hired
The worker. On same precisely models the world economic is under construction and "
The constitution ". It can compel Europe to refusal of a policy
Economic alignment of the regions and support of the small
Peasantry which thus to the Old World still manages to be kept
From migration. The transnational companies and external private investors
Will get the equal driver's licence with the sovereign governments to interpret the international
dogovory, in some cases this prerogative also will simply pass to them.
For example, the contract of the countries of the European union can be called in question
With the former colonies of Africa, Caribbean basin and Pacific ocean about
Preferable economic relations, that else though in any measure
Bears on itself a solidarity print. All European governments in that
Or other measure favour to the national cinematography and TV,
Establishing quotas of the admission of foreign cultural production. This barrier
Too can be broken. And if January in France has passed under a sign "revolt
The unemployed "in February it was unexpectedly continued by cinematographers.
By the way, unlike the first they have immediately called solidarity the
The European and Canadian colleagues.
All it would be a storm in a water glass, "constitution" be already signed.
For in the equal image any threat to another's capitals would not represent:
The national governments, on MSI, will be obliged to cover to investors
Even a damage from social indignations. But so far as the project remained in
To inkwell, we will ask a question: as it is possible at such contradictions
To come to the consent?
Very simply: contradictions act in film by means of "exceptions" and
"Reservations". Most of all in the lock de lja Mjuett them have uttered to itself
The USA, compelled to reckon with the motley legislation of the states:
The report of exceptions for the USA occupies 300 pages, while for
France only 40. It is not tragic. If additional reports not
Die off, them gradually reconsider. Bismarck was right: the best
The way to resolve the contradiction - to follow the general interests.
To job not the end!
"A society of two thirds" - already world reality: a life more low
Living level became today destiny of 1,3 billion people on the earth.
The figure has sounded in the end of last year at the international conference in
Oslo, devoted to child labour problems. Clearly, that the living
Minimum everywhere the different. If for criterion to take an official threshold of poverty
In the USA, behind a threshold there would be half of mankind.
Charity instead of solidarity any more does not rescue for a long time and
The developed countries from, internal "the third world". From all known
Ways of resistance the Italian experience, probably, not the worst: the power
As though does not notice, that the people receiving the grants, have more often and
Incomes of "manual labour". The Same type semisolidarity of citizens and
The states, very similar, gets accustomed at us. When a disproportion in incomes
The "top" and "bottom" levels of population 16:1 (I will remind, in Sweden 2:1), but with
The first the state levy taxes cannot, and from the second, cut do not cut,
Much you will not take. That remains, except how not to stir the last to survive
In any ways? However, it not the project for the XXI-st century.
Marx's historical polemic with Bismarck was opened to me by the deputy
The Swiss parliament the professor of sociology Jean Zigler, "a thinking head
In Sotsinterne ". I have asked it as he sees continuation of this duel in ours
Century. The answer:
- If so will proceed, there will be something like "internatsionala
Dissatisfied ". At previous internatsionalov there was a belief, ideology,
The main thing, was work, so, and the project of labour solidarity. At the new
There will be only an anger, and the anger cannot give birth to the project. It is necessary
To rethink all concept of work, but complexity that together with it
It is necessary to reconstruct and system of redistribution of incomes. Look, everyone
Decade with 1900 for 1940 working week in the world was reduced to four
Hour. Let and by struggle, but eventually all adapted:
Workers, businessmen, trade unions, housewives, children. Then war,
Decolonization, space, the third industrial revolution... And here already the world on
Threshold the 30-sentry of working week. And working solidarity has exhausted.
There were dark blue collars, but in their XXI-st century any more will not be... Parties
Have turned to electoral cars, trade unions - in defenders suppressing
Minority of the population. There were many hopes, that French socialists,
Which one and a half ten years had completeness of the power, will fulfil the promise
To pass for 35-hour working week. And they have made only a half-step and
Have stopped on the 39-sentry, thus at all not having mentioned system
Distributions of the blessings.
"We enter a new epoch of the global markets and automated
Manufactures. The way to economy almost without workers is accurately visible... The End
To job can mean the civilisation death sentence in that form, in what
We know it. The end can signal job also about the beginning of the new
Social transformation, revival of human spirit. The future in ours
Hands ".
So has finished the book "the End to job" the president of the Washington
Fund on studying of economic tendencies professor Jeremiah Rifkin. Not
Believe, that America speaks now only about maiden Monike and it "the novel
With the president ", she is excited much more with prophecies Rifkina. 150 thousand
The American librarians can be going to on rest: them will replace
The automated electronic systems. Electronic synthesizers sharply
Will reduce requirement for performing musicians. Already there is a technics,
Allowing to create new films with participation... The late movie stars, so
That among live actors too a panic. Everything, that has already concerned industrial
And agricultural sphere of work, now steals up to the intellectual.
For two-three decades new eka America will curtail 90 million workplaces.
It is possible to believe or not to believe prophecies, but it is necessary to believe that
Comes true personally. Since the first years rejganomiki, when capitals uncontrolledly
Have subordinated to itself both hired minds, and scientific and technical progress, in the country
The real wages fall. The middle class - pride is reduced
Americas, a basis of its democracy. All spreads poverty more widely, but is closer
Riches concentrate...
Scientists have executed the analytical part of the project. Since September
In the French parliament discussion about transition on 35-hour has renewed
Week, and the Italian parliament for it prepares, so and for
Experimental proofs business does not become. Nevertheless
The scale solidary project still is not present, while the counterproject
It is already taken from an inkwell.
Alexander SABOV, an observer "Russian
Newspapers ".
//* an information Source: the Russian newspaper, 4.03.98
//* Reg. Nom. - 1080300019.16-------------------------------------------
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