China: 20 years - and any on August, 17th.
China: 20 years - and any on August, 17th.
China marks these days a rotary mark in the history.
Exactly twenty years ago, in December, 1978, the third plenum has taken place
The Central Committee of a handheld computer of the eleventh convocation. It has put at fed the authorities Dan Sjaopina,
To which managed to put an end to two decades of "the big jump" and
"Cultural revolution" to pass to a policy of reforms and an openness.
Just on the eve of the twentieth anniversary of a policy of reforms to the author of these lines
It was possible to visit China in the chief negotiator of the Russian-Chinese committee
Friendship, the world and development. Except Beijing we have in detail familiarised with
Experimental range of a new stage of reforms - the Shanghai area
Pudun where it is possible to glance as though to China the XXI-st centuries.
TRINADTSATIMILLIONNYJ Shanghai - the largest city of the country where lives
Each 100-th Chinese - has grown on the left, western coast of the river Huanpu, which
Runs in JAntszy nearby to its mouth. As a smart facade of Shanghai was considered
The quay Vajtan bent by an arch - a chain of many-storeyed buildings in style
Heavy modernist style of 30th years.
There, where from quay in depth of a city its main trading departs
The street - Nanking-lu, rises hotel "п п я я п ". In him once acted
Alexander Vertinsky, stopped Rihard Zorge. Both of them for certain not
Time admired a panorama of a city from a restaurant terrace on the top floor.
The most prestigious hotel is no time has saved a former decor, having replaced
Only a signboard. Now it is called "Hepin" ("World"). But when after a supper
With the vice-mayor of Shanghai CHzhou Mujao we left on a flat roof of hotel, to looks
The impressing picture of "new Manhattan" which could not has opened
To see not only Vertinsky or Zorge in the thirties, but also I, being in
Shanghai only a decade ago. On there is deserted east coast
"The new area Pudun" (that means "to the east from Huanpu") has grown.
- The decision to construct on east coast Huanpu "XXI-st century city"
It was accepted in 1990. It reflected a strategic plan: in
The shortest terms to transform Shanghai in international economic,
Financial and shopping centre of Pacific pool, - the vice-mayor speaks
Shanghai CHzhou Mujao. - Recently at the western coast of Pacific ocean
There was a chain of the cities which are in the lead in the course of globalisation of business. It
Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore. Located just in the middle
This chain, Shanghai has chance to become the regional centre of business ties.
But the purpose of creation of new area Pudun has besides external still
And internal aspect. Thanks to it Shanghai will be "the Head of a dragon", or,
Easier speaking, the locomotive for economic lifting of all pool
The great Chinese river Jantszy where lives the two fifth population of the country.
Pudun should become a link between pulled out forward
East seaside provinces and still staying in poverty and
Backwardness remote places.
So, that is made on the right coast Huanpu, opposite to quay
Vajtan all for last eight years? First, two pendant are constructed
Handsome man of the bridge which are among the most outstanding engineering
Constructions of similar type in the world. Under them there can pass ocean vessels
Displacement more than 50 thousand tons (before through Huanpu it was possible
To get over only on the ferry or a boat).
Thanking these two bridges has become isolated in a ring high-speed estakadnaja
The motorway surrounding henceforth both old, and a new part of a city.
Secondly, under bottom Huanpu the tunnel for motor transport, nearby is dug
Lay the second line of the underground. It will be fast in Pudune the international
The airport. Deep-water moorings are equipped.
Just opposite to quay Vajtan - a symbol semicolonial
Shanghai - in the sky the television tower "the East Pearl" has shot up -
The first on height in Asia and the third in the world. At its bottom has grown
"The Shanghai Manhattan" - more than 140 ultramodern skyscrapers.
It is heart Puduna, financially-trading zone Lutszjatszjuj.
The priority here is given to financial business. Already operate 28
Foreign banks. We have visited the Shanghai stock exchange. In it
Operational hall on 1600 broker places there is no that vanity, which I
Once saw in London City. The auctions go in an electronic mode.
Actions of 440 Chinese companies are quoted. A daily turn of securities
Exceeds half-billion dollars.
Efforts for the foreign investor in Pudune are reduced to a minimum.
After filling of documents all formalities are carried out for once and
In one place. If in ten working days after that the document about
Registration it will not be ready, to the foreigner are obliged to compensate expenses on
Trip.
Number of the enterprises with participation of the foreign capital in new area
Pudun has reached 5400, and a total sum of investments - 28 billion dollars. And
This potential already operates. For eight years a total internal product
Puduna has increased ten times. Its mid-annual gain reached 20
Percent and even after last year's Asian crisis has made 18
Percent. Gross national product share on each inhabitant Puduna exceeds 4000 dollars. And
It is a boundary, which China has planned for itself as a strategic target
For 2050.
Pudun - not only an embodiment of accruing dynamism, but also
Proving ground of the Chinese reforms. Their most instructive line for
Other countries self-control and self-correction mechanisms, perhaps, are.
The Chinese reformers are guided by a principle: "to pass the river,
Groping feet stones ", that is cautiously to move ahead a method of tests and
Errors, extending positive experience and in due time refusing from
Undertakings which have not justified itself.
Hitherto words Dan Sjaopina that any reforms are actual
Are expedient only if they, first, conduct to growth of manufacture,
Secondly, raise a standard of life of the people and, thirdly, multiply
Cumulative power of the country.
Experience of first four special economic zones (SHenchzhen,
CHzhuhaj, Shantou, Hsiamen), created in 1980 in the direct
Affinity from Hong Kong and Taiwan, it is essentially corrected in new area
Pudun. The purpose - to limit "penkosnimatelnyj character"
The export-focused manufactures when the investor imports the equipment
And technologies, and production sells in the third countries, making profit on
To cheapness of the Chinese labour. Pudun as it was already marked, should
To direct a stream of foreign capitals to depth of the country, on working out
Natural resources. Secondly, Pudun should serve liberalisation
The Chinese financial market. Nine foreign registered there
Banks the first in China have acquired the right to make operation in yuans.
Thirdly, special attention is given to the finance, insurance, trade.
Parity between agriculture, industrial production and sphere
Services in the Big Shanghai by 2000 will make 2:53:45, that
Corresponds to indicators of the developed countries. So, thanks to new area
Pudun trinadtsatimillionnyj Shanghai should become in the XXI-st century the locomotive,
Which will advance upgrade in depth of the country, in Central and Western
China.
The trip of delegation of the Russian journalists to a province has reminded Chekiang
To us, that the keystone to success of reforms in China was that they have begun not in
City, and on village. It has allowed in two-three years to satiety to feed
The people to allow to overwhelming majority of people to feel concrete advantage from
Economic transformations to recover small business - a basis
National economy lifting as a whole.
Transition from uravnilovki national communes to a family contract,
Is to the law of succession of using the earth (which term recently
It is prolonged with 20 till 50 years) has called rough splash in labour activity
Peasants. In five years after the beginning of reforms grain gathering in the country has grown with
300 to 400 million tons, that is on 400 kgs per capita.
However, to save the reached consumption level at growing number
Eaters, in 2000 it is required more than 500 million tons of grain. And that
To make one more 100-million jerk, one intensification of work already
There is not enough.
So, only one field husbandry is not capable to result 900 million
The Chinese peasants to prosperity. Only a small-scale business, so-called
The poselkovo-volost enterprises, it is capable to transform the main riches
China - a manpower - in the real goods and services.
The poselkovo-volost enterprises sometimes name "the confidential weapon"
The Chinese reforms. This most dynamical sector of economy without any
The state investments gives already almost half of industrial output
The countries and third of its export.
Chekiang which name "edge was personally convinced of it in a province
Rice and fish "," the tea and silk native land ". On its share it is necessary only 1 percent
Arable lands and 3,6 percent of the population of the country. And gives Chekiang 6
Percent of a total internal product of China. So high efficiency
Economy of this traditionally field province speaks that
The poselkovo-volost enterprises give here 70 percent of all industrial
Production.
We have visited one of such local firms - pharmaceutical factory
"TSinchunbao" (that "the Treasure of an eternal youth" means). Here make
Under ancient recipes of a medicine of traditional Chinese medicine, before
The preparations in total invented still in the Middle Ages which are slowing down process
Ageing.
TWENTY years ago, when reforms, 250 million persons began,
That is a quarter of the population of China, were in absolute poverty (that
Is had the income less than 50 dollars a year). Now below this line remained
Only 50 million persons, and to the beginning of their XXI-st century should not be at all.
For two decades of reforms China has increased the total internal
Product in the comparable prices in 5,6 times, and personal consumption on soul
The population - in 3,5 times.
On cumulative economic potential China left on the seventh
Place in the world after the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, England. It became
The world leader on steel melt, a coal mining, manufacture of cement,
Grains, meat, a clap, the third place on electric power release takes.
Much the instructive contains also the politician concerning the state
The enterprises. Instead of their forced privatisation it has been solved at first
To open the country for foreign capital investments. Here five years China
Takes the second place in the world under direct foreign investments. They
Have made already 258 billion dollars. On polutorasta thousand enterprises with
Participation of the foreign capital work 18 million persons. These firms not
Only provide almost half of foreign trade turnover, but also
Essentially fill up the state budget. Only for the past year they
Have paid taxes to 12 billion dollars.
As to unprofitable state enterprises - "dinosaurs planned
Economy "it is planned to concentrate forces to improvement 500 most
Large from them on which share 85 percent of production are necessary
State sectors. The others it decided to release from any guardianship. Them
Prospect - merge, sale or bankruptcy. But to stir an ant hill,
Which provides with job and social services of 100 million families,
Beijing does not hurry. The slogan of day - a proper correlation of three factors:
Reforms, development, stability. Reforms should not stir to development, and
Cumulative consequences of reforms and development should not undermine stability.
Initiators of the Chinese reforms have developed and have carried out model in practice
Transition from a planned economy to market, the most responding the local
To conditions. Thus it was possible to reduce the social price of these as much as possible
Deep transformations, saving effective stimulus of growth
Productive forces.
Vsevolod OVCHINNIKOV,
Observer
"The Russian newspaper",
Member Russian-Chinese
Committee of friendship,
The world and development.
//* an information Source: the Russian newspaper, 19.12.98
//* Reg. Nom. - 1081200209.40-------------------------------------------
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